1. Inaction;

2. Mitigation: Action to reduce global warming via GHG emissions reduction/increasing global sinks;

3. Adaptation: Policy & operational approaches to reduce climate change risk, vulnerability and damage (e.g., building dikes against sea-level rise, changing agricultural practices, redesigning infrastructure).

By considering adaptation approaches, regions become less vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Human settlements will be safer, infrastructure and ecosystems protected, and substantial resources saved.